Structuring content for meaningful action
In learning and development (L&D), not all content serves the same purpose. In some cases, training involves sharing important information. They may also help employees apply what they know to their jobs. To design effective learning experiences, instructional content is typically categorized into different types of information. This classification helps learning designers select appropriate strategies, formats, and tools, especially when applying information mapping principles. The six commonly used information types are:
fact. concept. process. procedure. principle. troubleshooting.
fact
Facts are information that is proven and universally true. Facts are usually the easiest content to teach because they are conclusive.
How to effectively teach facts Diagrams (for concrete or specific facts) List. Mnemonics for tables (especially for facts with large amounts of data). example
To help learners remember the order of alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane), you may want to use a mnemonic such as “My energetic puppy brings playful happiness.” Teach facts for application in the field
In the real workplace, memorization is not always practical or necessary. Rather than forcing reminders, design task and performance support tools. example
If machine operators need to enter multiple codes at different times of the day, don’t train them to memorize all the codes. Provided by: A clearly organized reference table. Visual work aids placed directly at your workstation.
Then train your operators when and how to use the code, rather than recalling it from memory.
concept
A concept is an idea that represents a category of items that share common characteristics. Concepts include:
Concrete (tangible and visible) Abstract (intangible and cognitive) Concrete
Electrical equipment, machinery and tools. abstract
leadership, sales management, critical thinking, and decision making. Teaching Strategies for Teaching Concepts Clear definitions (never assume learners already know them) Examples (especially real-world scenarios) Non-examples (to make boundaries clear) Analogies and metaphors (to be able to relate abstract ideas)
When concepts are not properly defined, learners often form incorrect mental models that are difficult to unlearn later. Explicit conceptual instruction allows learners to transfer their understanding to a variety of contexts, rather than relating concepts to only one example or situation.
example
Explaining the concept of “chair” by showing that sofas and beds are not chairs can help learners distinguish between similar objects more effectively. Recalling and applying concepts
Employees can describe the main characteristics of a particular machine. Currently applying
Employees can use these characteristics to accurately identify the machine on the job site.
process
A process describes how something works. Describe a flow of events or steps rather than step-by-step actions.
example
The best way to teach the process of “How cars are made in this factory” flow diagram. process map. Charts and icons. Visual sequences and images. Observational learning (observing actual processes)
Processes are best learned visually and holistically, focusing on flow and relationships rather than detailed instructions.
procedure
A procedure is a step-by-step series of actions and decisions required to complete a task.
example
“This is the passport application process.” Demonstration of teaching strategies for teaching the procedure. Videos and simulations. Guided practice. Practical activities. Instant feedback.
Procedural learning is most effective when learners can practice tasks in a safe environment before performing them independently.
principle
Principles are rules, guidelines, or policies that guide decisions and actions in specific situations.
A baker who applies basic baking rules to create chocolate pudding. A salesperson who uses sales principles to attract customers and close deals. Clearly state the guidelines. Use demos and videos. Include case studies and real-world scenarios. Provides practice opportunities along with feedback.
Principles are best learned through application and judgment rather than memorization.
troubleshooting
Troubleshooting focuses on identifying, diagnosing, and resolving issues.
example
Train employees to identify machine failures and apply the correct fixes. Instructional strategies for troubleshooting demos. Scenario-based learning. Video showing the problem in action. Practice with guided feedback.
Effective troubleshooting training focuses on decision-making in realistic situations.
Information mapping for instructional designers and writers
Information mapping is a structured approach to organizing content in a clear and visually understandable way for learners. Instructional designers and writers can help you:
Break down complex information into manageable chunks. Tailor your content to the needs of your learners. Improves comprehension and memory. Supports faster field applications.
By first identifying the type of information, learning professionals can design content that is clear, purposeful, and performance-driven – exactly what modern learners expect.
